May - 2021

11. Adjective Phrase Part 2 (Expanded with Infinitive)

Adjectives Complemented by Infinitive Verb as modifier for THINGS [Hindi1 is useful to know2. = It1 is useful to know Hindi2. = Knowing Hindi1 is useful2.= To know Hindi1 is useful2. All of these sentences are with linking verb ‘is’ with a subject1 and subject complement2, The subject complement is either a predicate adjective without any complement or a predicate adjective phrase with a complement which is to-infinitive verb phrase. 2nd point to note is that the infinitive v

12. Relative Adj. Clause and Adj. Complement Clause

Post-modifier Adjective Clause Post-modifier Adjective clauses start with who, which, whose, that after a noun which it modifies. These adjectives are post modifiers. An adjective clause is a dependent clause that takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions such as which? or what kind of? Consider the following examples: the blue tie the tie which is blue matches with sh

13. Relative Adjective Clause (detailed)

An adjective clause, like an adjective, modifies a noun where the noun it modifies is part of another clause. Thus adjective clause is a clause within a clause. It is positioned after the noun it modifies and hence called post-modifier. Since noun is more important than its modifier, noun is always part of main clause and adjective clause is dependent. Since as a clause, the adjective clause must have a noun/pronoun but cannot use the same noun of the main clause which it mod

14. Post-modifier Adjective Phrase as Reduced Clause

Relative Adjective Clause in the following cases can be reduced to Adjective Phrase 1) by dropping relative pronoun and auxiliary verb 2) by dropping relative pronoun if verb is not auxiliary and using the main verb in participial form of (-ing) or (-ed) 3) by dropping only relative pronoun without any other change Case 1: Relative Pronoun is Subject of Relative Adjective Clause

15. Misplaced Post-Modifiers

This section is about errors in placement of multiple post-modifiers and comma. Let’s examine the rules by studying the following sentences. A) The old lady is sitting behind a young girl. The young girl is sitting in the 3rd row from the last. The young girl is wearing a pink dress. The old lady is my mother. 1. The old lady, behind the young girl, in pink dress sitting in the 3rd row from the last is my mother. [means: old lady is wearing pink dress] 2. The

16. Clause + Appositive + that clause as Complement

Let’s examine following two sentences. 1. We went to Goa, which is worth visiting during the Carnival, for 4 days to enjoy the festival. 2. We went to Goa for 4 days to enjoy the Carnival, a place that is worth visiting during this festival time. In sentence 1, the relative clause is embedded within the main matrix clause whereas in sentence 2, this clause becomes a complement of the noun ‘the place’ which is placed after the main clause and therefore no longer part of th

17. Cleft Sentence for Focus

Clefts function to give prominence to a particular part of a sentence. They do this by splitting the sentence into two clauses (hence the name ‘cleft’ from ‘cleave’) and assigning a verb to each noun phrase. The sentence can be cleft by using wh-words, expletive - It, and sometimes with phrase like ‘all that’. The part of the clause to be emphasised can be subject; subject complement; direct object of verb; verb phrase; adverbial phrase; adjective phrase; infinitive phrase;

18. Conditional IF Clause – Part 1

Any sentence which can be stated or formatted with IF Clause is a conditional where the truth of the sentence depends upon main clause being true when the condition clause is true. These are of 5 types namely Zero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and Mixed. Zero Conditional applies to current or continuous time with a real and possible scenario. The zero (0) conditional is the factual conditional. It is used to talk about habits, scientific facts, general truths, laws of nature, instructions

19. Conditional IF Clause - Part 2

Unlike 1st conditional where conditional proposition is a possibility, in case of 2nd, 3rd and mixed conditional, the conditional preposition is unreal or hypothetical. Since condition and outcome can belong to same or different time tense, accordingly type of conditionals too can be different. Conditions being unrealistic/ hypothetical, such conditions along with outcome are always negation of what is real and true, as summarised below. True proposition: p, hence q; Imagina

20. Conditional IF Clause 3

Mixed Conditional is the last and final type of Conditional used to convey an unreal condition of one time tense with the unreal/hypothetical result of another time tense unlike 2nd and 3rd conditional which belong to the same time tense. In case of 2nd and 3rd conditional, time tense of IF clause precedes or coincides with that of independent clause on the time line as a cause of an outcome. However in case of Mixed Conditional, time tense of independent outcome clause can

Verbal & Deverbal

1. Gerund and Participial

Unlike Verb as a Part of Speech which must have a Subject, a Verbal though derived from Verb, doesn’t carry any Subject. Therefore rules of Subject-Verb agreement do not apply in absence of Subject. Whereas a verb has to be part of a Clause, a verbal can only be part of a Phrase. Such phrases are also called Non-finite Clause when reduced from a Clause. Verbals are of three types: Gerund, Participial, and Infinitive.